new generation high-tech material for construction

geopolymer cement

géocement — new environment-friendly cement, based on geopolymer technology
Geopolymers are inorganic materials with a polymer structure of molecules. They possess high strength and a range of specific properties.
They are called "geopolymers" because the raw materials used for their production are mainly minerals of geological origin.
History
French chemist Joseph Davidovits coined the term "geopolymer" in 1978. Russian engineers of Renca company suggested the term géobeton as a particular case for construction materials based on geopolymer binders.

Examples of geopolymer cement used in construction can be found in Australia, Ireland, the United States, and Russia, to name a few. For instance, in 2014, an entire airport in Brisbane, Australia, was constructed with a concrete based on geopolymer binders. In the United States, special high strength geopolymer concretes have been used for airfield and road repairs. Metropolitan tubings and elements of load-bearing structures are also produced.

In Soviet Union, the development of similar materials started in the 1950s. The research was conducted by the Kyiv Institution of Civil Engineering, guided by Glukhovskiy V.D. Various objects were built, including civil and industrial construction. Examples include a residential house in Lipetsk, part of the railroad concrete ties in Moscow, a motorway in Magnitogorsk, and surfacing of the tank training battlefield near Chelyabinsk, to name a few.
Technology
The technology of geopolymer concrete is based on the idea of applying inorganic mineral substances, the production of which does not require the additional use of natural resources, and does not lead to CO2 emissions into the atmosphere (byproducts of metallurgical, electrometallurgical industries and power plants).

Geopolymer concrete is chemically inert to a range of aggressive substances and remains sturdy in severe climates. In comparison to traditional concrete production technology based on portland cement, geopolymer concrete has been shown to possess superior results in strength, durability, freeze-thaw resistance, fire resistance, heat insulation, corrosion, and aggressive substance resistance including some types of acids.

Besides, the use of geopolymer cement reduces CO2 emissions by up to 90% compared to portland cement production. Geopolymer cement can be formulated to re-use and recycle industrial byproducts.
Main Properties
Géobèton exceeds the properties of natural stone
Chemical Resistance
Geopolymer concrete is high resistance to various acids and aggressive substances, as well as high sulfur resistance due to the absence of сalcium compounds in its structure.
Superior Waterproof Properties
Excellent waterproof properties are achieved thanks to its inherent mesoporous structure. Big molecules like water can't enter in the geopolymer matrix even if they are pushed using external forces.
Thermal Resistance
Geopolymer concrete is resistant both to high temperatures over 1000 °C (1832 °F) and to low temperatures due to a high level of freeze-thaw resistance.
Fire Resistance
Unlike ordinary portland cement-based concretes, water in geopolymer concretes easily evaporates (not bound on a molecular level) and does not explode the concrete from inside.
Thermal Insulation Properties
Materials and plasters using high-quality aggregates and geopolymer cement have superior thermal insulation.
Fast Strength Development
Geopolymer concrete develops about 50% of its strength in the first three days. This feature increases the construction speed.
Advantages
Sustainability
Geopolymer cement production reduces CO2 emissions by 90% in comparison to OPC production.



Utilisation of by-products
Utilizes waste and byproducts of existing industries.
High efficiency
Higher-level compressive strength and axial tension strength, freeze-thaw resistance, water impermeability and resistance to abrasion in comparison to OPC.
Cost effectiveness
Speed of the project implementation increases due to fast strength development. No additives or modifiers are needed.
Technical Specifications
Geopolymer concrete's nanostructure and a high level of mesoporosity allow air to pass through the material, giving it the following properties:
Insulation
Resistance to Thermal Shock
High Level of Freeze-thaw resistance
Fire Resistance
Thixotropy
Flowability
Adjustable Setting Time
from 0 to 180 minutes
Constantly High Strength
Compressive strength over 100 MPa (14500 psi), flexural strength over 13 МPа (1885 psi)
Resistance to Corrosion
Resistance to alkalis, salts, and acids
Ecological Aspects
Geocement - eco-friendly, green product,
which reduces CO2 emission into the atmosphere by 90%

Environmental Impact and Sustainability
With population growth and the corresponding increasing demand in concretes and cements, ecological aspects of building have become a major concern of our generation.

The portland cement industry is the second largest producer of CO2 globally.

Introduction of the geopolymer technology in the production of concrete and cement gives the following environmental benefits in comparison with traditional portland cement production:

  • reducing CO2 emissions up to 90% in the production process;
  • a minimum 60% less impact on the environment by reducing the need to extract raw materials;
  • recycle and reuse of wastes and by-products of the existing industries.
Geocement is a material of the future. It reduces the global warming impact by reducing CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. It has a far more eco-friendly production process and actually uses various industrial wastes and by-products.

Buildings constructed with geocement earn additional LEED points compared to conventional construction materials.

Green Building
Green building brings together a vast array of practices, techniques, and skills to reduce and ultimately eliminate the impacts of buildings on the environment and human health. It often emphasizes taking advantage of renewable resources, e.g., using sunlight through passive solar, active solar, and using plants and trees through green roofs, rain gardens, and reduction of rainwater run-off. Many other techniques are used, such as using low-impact building materials or packed gravel or permeable concrete instead of conventional concrete or asphalt to enhance the replenishment of groundwater.

A green building is one which uses less water, optimizes energy efficiency, conserves natural resources, generates less waste and provides healthier spaces for occupants, as compared to a conventional building. The green building concept is gaining significant importance in the world. By adopting Green methodologies, we would be able to reduce the carbon footprint and would be helping the environment.

The construction industry is one of the major consumers of natural resources such as cement, sand, rocks, and clays. The ever increasing unit cost of the usual ingredients of concrete has forced the construction engineers to think of ways and means of reducing the unit cost of its production. At the same time, increased industrial activity in core sectors like energy, steel, and transportation has been responsible for the production of large amounts of by-products such as fly ash, blast furnace slag, silica fume, and quarry dust with a consequent disposal problem.
Geopolymer technology completely corresponds to the concept of green building by optimizing the energy efficiency of the buildings, preserving natural resources, and, at the same time utilizing the by-products of other industries.
Application
Geocement can be used in a wide range of applications in different industries.

Examples of industries where geopolymer cement-based products can be applied:

  • General construction
  • Earthquake-proof construction and buildings
  • Concrete blocks
  • Road construction
  • Concrete pavements
  • Eco-friendly green building
  • Concrete floors
  • High-strength fiber-concretes
  • Containers and tanks for various liquids
  • Pre-cast concrete
  • Bridge constructions
  • Railroad slippers
  • Modular houses
  • 3D-printing
  • Sewer systems
  • Various infrastructural projects
  • Fire-proof systems
  • Radioactive substances containment / encapsulation systems
  • Marine structures
  • Piles, foundations and other subterranean structures
  • Petrochemical constructions
  • Architectural constructions
  • Architectural design and decoration
  • Countertops, panels and other concrete goods
  • Thermal insulation material
RENCA 3D geopolymer ink
Together with the introduction of 3D-printing technology in construction, geopolymer binders and geobetons on their base make a new step in development. And already widely used in this technology of buildings construction.
Fast
About 100 m2 accommodation in 24 hours.
Cost Effective
No waste, faster construction period.


Sustainable
Due to the use of industrial by-products CO2 emissions are reduced by up to 90% in comparison with the traditional technology.
The Future - is Now!
RENCA has elaborated and tested various compositions of geobeton based on geopolymer binder for the technology of 3D-printing on mobile construction printer of the company Apis Cor.

This experience is unique. Both technologies are at the start of conquering the construction market, but the representatives of both companies believe that the future is in fast and eco-friendly construction.

The tests have shown a high efficiency of geobeton. Due to its specific composition an ideal for 3D printing consistency of the mixture was reached. This shortens the time of construction: the houses can be built within hours.

The elaborated formula of geobeton is the most suitable for the technology of 3D printing due to a higher thixotropy, fluidity and an ability to adjust the setting time, with a constantly high mechanical strength (compressive strength reaches 100 MPa and more). Moreover geobeton is cost-eficient eco-friendly material thanks to the use of industrial byproducts.

Engineers of the company Renca Rus plan to modify compositions of the mixtures to adjust them both for the hot climate and severely cold temperatures, as well as to create the mixtures on the base of various local raw materials worldwide to optimise the cost and properties of geobeton and to enable its efficient implementation with the mobile construction 3D printer of Apis Cor.
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